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Hemos localizado un total de 19 libros disponibles para descargar

KHA

Autor: Makke Mornarie

Número de Páginas: 190

Esta obra es una revelación sobre la verdadera espiritualidad. Aunando el plano sutil con el físico. El primero detonante del segundo y no al revés. La realidad tal y como la conocemos es una proyección de nuestro interior que se abre para manifestar en el plano material. Todo lo que pasa fuera está pasando dentro. KHÂ integra esos dos mundos. Sus conceptos fácilmente reconocibles y la forma, expresada en términos coloquiales, permite comprender con sencillez cómo aprovechar la energía generada y cómo controlarla. El manejo de pequeños trucos simplificará la comprensión del método, proporcionando claridad mental, confianza y entendimiento ante lo que se muestra en el exterior. Conocimientos energéticos, internos y externos. Soluciones internas que manifestarán hechos en tu día a día. El desafío es verse, aceptarse y responder. Si estas dispuesto a indagar en lo "invisible"... KHÂ es la apertura que te mostrará lo "visible". Conoce tus límites y dejarás de tenerlos...

How to Manage Fiscal Risks from Subnational Governments

Autor: Mr. Sandeep Saxena

Número de Páginas: 30

Subnational governments can create sizable fiscal risks for central governments. In addition to impacting service delivery at the grassroots level, unsustainable subnational finances can be a continuous drain on central resources. The need for stronger public financial management systems and capacities to analyze and manage risks at the subnational government level cannot be overemphasized. Central governments need to develop sound institutional mechanisms to systematically monitor the health of subnational finances to be able to proactively manage associated risks. This How to Note provides a framework for central governments that seek to assess and manage fiscal risks stemming from weak subnational finances. It analyzes the sources of subnational finance vulnerabilities and argues that central governments would benefit from putting in place the following: (1) a stronger regulatory framework, (2) improved fiscal reporting, and (3) enhanced central oversight. The lessons distilled from the international experience are particularly useful for developing economies where the management of risks can be improved.

Mastering the Risky Business of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure

Autor: Manal Fouad

Número de Páginas: 61

Investment in infrastructure can be a driving force of the economic recovery in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of shrinking fiscal space. Public-private partnerships (PPP) bring a promise of efficiency when carefully designed and managed, to avoid creating unnecessary fiscal risks. But fiscal illusions prevent an understanding the sources of fiscal risks, which arise in all infrastructure projects, and that in PPPs present specific characteristics that need to be addressed. PPP contracts are also affected by implicit fiscal risks when they are poorly designed, particularly when a government signs a PPP contract for a project with no financial sustainability. This paper reviews the advantages and inconveniences of PPPs, discusses the fiscal illusions affecting them, identifies a diversity of fiscal risks, and presents the essentials of PPP fiscal risk management.

Making Public Debt Public—Ongoing Initiatives and Reform Options

Autor: International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept. , International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept. , International Monetary Fund. Monetary And Capital Markets Department , International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department , International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.

Número de Páginas: 46

The paper develops and assesses options to improve public debt transparency. It first makes the case, both conceptually and empirically, for greater public debt transparency. To guide the development and assessment of options, it examines the factors hindering transparency, including capacity and governance gaps, and borrower and creditor incentives. The paper then provides a high-level overview of existing initiatives to improve public debt transparency, identifying priorities for progress and policy gaps. Next, it presents and analyzes the merits of a range of options to improve public debt transparency, drawn from reform proposals gaining prominence in policymaking circles while reflecting Fund policy priorities. The IMF could contribute to these reforms with actions within its mandate but would need significant additional resources.

In Defense of Public Debt

Autor: Barry Eichengreen , Asmaa El-ganainy , Rui Esteves , Kris James Mitchener

Número de Páginas: 321

Public debts have exploded to levels unprecedented in recent history as governments responded to the Covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis. Their dramatic rise has prompted apocalyptic warnings about the dangers of heavy debts - about the drag they will place on economic growth and the burden they represent for future generations. This book adds the other side of the equation: drawing on history, it provides a defence of public debt.

World Development Report 2022

Autor: World Bank

Número de Páginas: 408

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the largest global economic crisis in more than a century. In 2020, economic activity contracted in 90 percent of countries, the world economy shrank by about 3 percent, and global poverty increased for the first time in a generation. Governments responded rapidly with fiscal, monetary, and financial policies that alleviated the worst immediate economic impacts of the crisis. Yet the world must still contend with the significant longer-term financial and economic risks caused by, or exacerbated by, the pandemic and the government responses needed to mitigate its effects. World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery examines the central role of finance in the economic recovery from COVID-19. Based on an in-depth look at the consequences of the crisis most likely to affect low- and middle-income economies, it advocates a set of policies and measures to mitigate the interconnected economic risks stemming from the pandemic—risks that may become more acute as stimulus measures are withdrawn at both the domestic and global levels. Those policies include the efficient and transparent management of nonperforming loans to mitigate...

Bangladesh: Local Currency Bond Market Development Diagnostic

Autor: International Monetary Fund. Monetary And Capital Markets Department

Número de Páginas: 4

At the request of the authorities, an IMF-World Bank team undertook a technical assistance mission to Bangladesh, from July 5-17, 2023, to support efforts to develop the government local currency bond market. The mission assessed the current stage of the sovereign debt market and formulated policy recommendations for each of the six building blocks included in the Guidance Note for Developing Government Local Currency Bond Markets.

State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges

Autor: Mr. Ernesto Ramirez Rigo , Christine J. Richmond , Oluremi Akin Olugbade , Gareth Anderson , Maria Atamanchuk , Mr. Hatim Bukhari , Iacovos Ioannou , Deeksha Kale , Tannous Kass-hanna , Mr. Maximilien Queyranne , Wei Shi , Joyce Wong

Número de Páginas: 153

Prior to the COVID-19 shock, the key challenge facing policymakers in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia region was how to generate strong, sustainable, job-rich, inclusive growth. Post-COVID-19, this challenge has only grown given the additional reduction in fiscal space due to the crisis and the increased need to support the recovery. The sizable state-owned enterprise (SOE) footprint in the region, together with its cost to the government, call for revisiting the SOE sector to help open fiscal space and look for growth opportunities.

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